Reference List
This reference list is a compilation of all the reference lists posted on this Web Site so far. These references can also be found within the appropriate chapter, Web Notes, Problems, and Answers pages.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Ackland G.J., Signitzer M., Stratford, K., and Cohen M.H. 2007. Cultural hitchhiking on the wave of advance of beneficial technologies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 104: 8714–8719.
Adams M.D., Celniker S.E., Holt R.A., et al. 2000. The genome sequence of Drosophila melanogaster. Science 287: 2185–2195.
Ahituv N., Zhu Y., Visel A., Holt A., Afzal V., et al. 2007. Deletion of ultraconserved elements yields viable mice. PLoS Biol. 5: e234. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050234.
Akashi H. 1994. Synonymous codon usage in Drosophila melanogaster: Natural selection and translational accuracy. Genetics 136: 927–935.
Akashi H. 2001. Gene expression and molecular evolution. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 11: 660–666.
Allison A.C. 1956. The sickle-cell and haemoglobin C genes in some African populations. Ann. Hum. Genet. 21: 67.
Allison A.C. 1964. Population genetics of abnormal haemoglobins. In Council for International Organisations for Medical Science Symposium on abnormal haemoglobins. Blackwell, Oxford.
Altman S. 1989. Enzymatic cleavage of RNA by RNA. Nobel lecture, December 8. In Nobel lectures in chemistry, 1981–1990 (ed. Malmström B.G. et al.), pp. 626–647. World Scientific Publishing Co., Singapore, 1993.
Alvarez W. 1997. T. rex and the crater of doom. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
Anderson C. and McShea D.W. 2001. Individual versus social complexity, with particular reference to ant colonies. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. 76: 211–238.
Andersson M. 1994. Sexual selection. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
Andolfatto P. and Przeworski M. 2000. A genome-wide departure from the standard neutral model in natural populations of Drosophila. Genetics 156: 257–268.
Andolfatto P. and Przeworski M. 2001. Regions of lower crossing over harbor more rare variants in African populations of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 158: 657–665.
Andolfatto P., Depaulis F., and Navarro A. 2001. Inversion polymorphisms and nucleotide polymorphism: Lessons from Drosophila. Genet. Res. 77: 1–8.
André J.B. and Godelle B. 2006. The evolution of mutation rate in finite asexual populations. Genetics 172: 611–626.
Antonovics J., Abbate J.L., Baker C.H., Faley D., Hood M.E., Jenkins C.E., Johnson L.J., Murray J.J., Panjeti V., Rudolf V.H.W., Sloan D., and Vondrasek J. 2007. Evolution by any other name: Antibiotic resistance and avoidance of the E-word. PLoS Biol. 5: 137–140.
Aquadro C.F., Dene S.F., Bland M.M., Langley C.H., and Laurie-Ahlberg C.C. 1986. Molecular population genetics of the alcohol dehydrogenase region of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 114: 1165–1190.
Archer D. 2007. Global warming—Understanding the forecast. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.
Ardlie K.G. and Silver L.M. 1998. Low frequency of t haplotypes in natural populations of house mice (Mus musculus domesticus). Evolution 52: 1185–1196.
Ardlie K.G., Kruglyak L., and Seielstad M. 2002. Patterns of linkage disequilibrium in the human genome. Nat. Rev. Genet. 3: 299–309.
Arnqvist G., Edvardsson M., Friberg U., and Nilsson T. 2000. Sexual conflict promotes speciation in insects. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 97: 10460–10464.
Asthana S., Noble W.S., Kryukov G., Grantt C.E., Sunyaev S., and Stamatoyannopoulos J.A. 2007. Widely distributed noncoding purifying selection in the human genome. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 104: 12410–12415.
Avery P.J. and Hill W.G. 1979. Distribution of linkage disequilibrium with selection and finite population size. Genet. Res. 33: 29–48.
Avise J.C. 1998. The history and purview of phylogeography: A personal reflection. Mol. Ecol. 7: 371–379.
Avise J.C. 2000. Phylogeny: The history and formation of species. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Avise J.C. 2004. Molecular markers, natural history and evolution. Sinauer Press, Sunderland, Massachussetts.
Axelrod R. and Hamilton W.D. 1981. The evolution of co-operation. Science 211: 1390–1396.
Azevedo R.B.R., Keightley P.D., Lauren-Maatta C., Vassilieva L., Lynch M., et al. 2002. Spontaneous mutational variation for body size in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 162: 755–765.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Bailey M.F., Delph L.F., and Lively C.A. 2003. Modeling gynodioecy: Novel scenarios for maintaining polymorphism. Am. Nat. 161: 762–776.
Bancroft D.R., Pemberton J.M., and King P. 1995. Extensive protein and microsatellite variability in an isolated, cyclic ungulate population. Heredity 74: 326–336.
Barbash D.A., Roote J., and Ashburner M. 2000. The Drosophila melanogaster hybrid male rescue gene causes inviability in male and female species hybrids. Genetics 154: 1747–1771.
Barluenga M., Stolting K.N., Salzburger W., Muschick M., and Meyer A. 2006. Sympatric speciation in Nicaraguan crater lake cichlid fish. Nature 439: 719–723 and 444: E12–E13.
Barnes B.W. and Kearsey M.J. 1970. Variation for metrical characters in Drosophila populations. I. Genetic analysis. Heredity 25: 1–10.
Barraclough T.G. and Vogler A.P. 2000. Detecting the geographical pattern of speciation from species-level phylogenies. Am. Nat. 155: 419–434.
Barraclough T.G., Birky C.W., and Burt A. 2003. Diversification in sexual and asexual organisms. Evolution 57: 2166–2172.
Barrett S.J. and Sneath P.H.A. 1994. A numerical phenotypic taxonomic study of the genus Neisseria. Microbiology 140: 2867–2891.
Bartolomé C., Maside X., and Charlesworth B. 2002. On the abundance and distribution of transposable elements in the genome of Drosophila melanogaster. Mol. Biol. Evol. 19: 926–937.
Barton N. and Partridge L. 2000. Limits to natural selection. Bioessays 22: 1075–1084.
Barton N.H. 1989. Founder effect speciation. In Speciation and its consequences (ed. D. Otte and J.A. Endler), Chap. 10. Sinauer Press, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
Barton N.H. 1990. Pleiotropic models of quantitative variation. Genetics 124: 773–782.
Barton N.H. 1998. Natural selection and random genetic drift as causes of evolution on islands In Evolution on islands (ed. P.R. Grant), pp. 102–123. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Barton N.H. 2006. How did the human species form? Curr. Biol. 16: 647–650.
Barton N.H. and Charlesworth B. 1984. Genetic revolutions, founder effects, and speciation. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 15: 133–164.
Barton N.H. and Etheridge A.M. 2003. The distribution of surviving blocks of an ancestral genome. Theoret. Pop. Biol. 64: 451–472.
Barton N.H. and Gale K.S. 1993. Genetic analysis of hybrid zones. In Hybrid zones and the evolutionary process (ed. R. G. Harrison), pp. 13–45. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Barton N.H. and Hewitt G.M. 1981. A chromosomal cline in the grasshopper Podisma pedestris. Evolution 35: 1008–1018.
Barton N.H. and Hewitt G.M. 1982. A measurement of dispersal in the grasshopper Podisma pedestris (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Heredity 48: 237–249.
Barton N.H. and Hewitt G.M. 1985. Analysis of hybrid zones. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 16: 113–148.
Barton N.H. and Hewitt G.M. 1989. Adaptation, speciation and hybrid zones. Nature 341: 497–503.
Barton N.H. and Keightley P.D. 2002. Understanding quantitative genetic variation. Nat. Rev. Genet. 3: 11–21.
Barton N.H. and Rouhani S. 1987. The frequency of shifts between alternative equilibria. J. Theor. Biol. 125: 397–418.
Bateson W. 1894 (reprinted 1992). Materials for the study of variation: Treated with especial regard to discontinuity in the Origin of Species. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Bateson W. 1909. Heredity and variation in modern lights. In Darwin and modern science (ed. A. C. Seward), pp. 85–101. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Baudry E., Kerdelhue C., Innan H., and Stephan W. 2001. Species and recombination effects on DNA variability in the tomato genus. Genetics 158: 1725–1735.
Bauer G.J., McCaskill J.S., and Otten H. 1989. Travelling waves of in vitro evolving RNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 86: 7937–7941.
Baxter S. 2003. Revolutions in the earth: James Hutton and the true age of the world. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London.
Bazin E., Glémin S., and Galtier N. 2006. Population size does not influence mitochondrial genetic diversity in animals. Science 312: 570–572.
Beadle G.W. 1939. Teosinte and the origin of maize. J. Hered. 30: 245–247.
Beavis W.D. 1994. The power and deceit of QTL experiments: Lessons from comparative QTL studies. In Proceedings of the Corn and Sorghum Industry Research Conference, pp. 250–266. American Seed Trade Association, Washington, D.C.
Begun D.J., Betancourt A.J., Langley C.H., and Stephan W. 1999. Is the fast/slow allozyme variation at the Adh locus of Drosophila melanogaster an ancient balanced polymorphism? Mol. Biol. Evol. 16: 1816–1819.
Behe M. 1996. Darwin’s black box: The biochemical challenge to Darwinism. Free Press, New York.
Behe M.J. 2007. The edge of evolution: The search for the limits of Darwinism. Free Press, New York.
Bejerano G., Pheasant M., Makunin I., Stephen S., Kent W.J., Mattick J.S., and Haussler D. 2004. Ultraconserved elements in the human genome. Science 304: 1321–1325.
Bell G. 1985. On the function of flowers. Proc. R Soc. Lond. B 224: 223–265.
Bell G. 1997. Selection: The mechanism of evolution. Chapman and Hall, New York.
Bell M.A., Travis M.P., and Blouw D.M. 2006. Inferring natural selection in a fossil threespine stickleback. Paleobiology 32: 562–577.
Bengtson S. 2005. Mineralized skeletons and early animal evolution. In Evolving form and function: Fossils and development. Proceedings of a symposium honoring Adolf Seilacher for his contributions to paleontology, in celebration of his 80th birthday (ed. D.E.G. Briggs), pp. 101–124, Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, New Haven, Connecticut.
Bengtson S. and Zhao Y. 1992. Predatorial borings in Late Precambrian mineralized exoskeletons. Science 257: 367–369.
Bennett A.F., Lenski R.E., and Mittler J.E. 1992. Evolutionary adaptation to temperature. I. Fitness responses of E. coli to changes in its thermal environment. Evolution 46: 16–30.
Bennett M.D. 1972. Nuclear DNA content and minimum generation time in herbaceous plants. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 181: 109–135.
Bennett M.D. and Smith J.B. 1991. Nuclear DNA amounts in angiosperms. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 334: 309–345.
Bentley D.R. 2003. DNA sequence variation of Homo sapiens. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 68: 55–63.
Benton M.J. 2001. Biodiversity through time. In Palaeobiology II (ed. D.E.G. Briggs and P.R. Crowther), pp. 211–220. Blackwell Science, Oxford.
Benton M.J. 2003. When life nearly died. Thames and Hudson, London.
Benton M.J. and Emerson B.C. 2007. How did life become so diverse? The dynamics of diversification according to the fossil record and molecular phylogenetics. Palaeontology 50: 23–40.
Benton M.J. and Twitchett, R.J. 2003. How to kill (almost) all life: The end-Permian extinction event. Trends Ecol. Evol. 18: 358–365.
Benton M.J., Wills M.A., and Hitchin R. 2000. Quality of the fossil record through time. Nature 403: 534–537.
Berlin B. 1973. Folk systematics in relation to biological classification and nomenclature. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 4: 259–271.
Bernini F., Carnevale G., Bagnoli G., and Stouge S. 2002. An Early Ordovician oribatid mite (Acari: Oribatida) from the island of Öland, Sweden. In Acarid phylogeny and evolution. Adaptations in mites and ticks (ed. F. Bernini et al.), pp. 45–47. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Berry A. and Kreitman M. 1993. Molecular analysis of an allozyme cline: Alcohol dehydrogenase in Drosophila melanogaster on the east coast of N. America. Genetics 134: 869–893.
Berry R.J., Triggs G.S., King P., Nash H.R., and Noble L.R. 1991. Hybridization and gene flow in house mice introduced into an existing population on an island. J. Zool. 225: 615–632.
Berthold P. 2001. Bird migration: A general survey. Oxford University Press, New York.
Bishop J.A., Keill C., And Mcnair M.R. 1981. The number of genes on the second chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster and a comment on the genetic structure of eukaryotes. Heredity 46: 151–159.
Boivin A. and Vendrely R. 1947. Sur le role possible des deux acides nucléiques dans la cellule vivante. Experientia 3: 32–34.
Bolnick D.I. and Fitzpatrick B.M. 2007. Sympatric speciation: Models and empirical evidence. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 38: 459–487.
Bonnell M.L. and Selander R.K. 1974. Elephant seals: Genetic variation and near extinction. Science 184: 908–909.
Borges J.L. 2000. Labyrinths: Selected stories and other writings. Penguin Modern Classics, New York. (First published in Spanish, 1941.)
Bowler P.J. 1989. Evolution: The history of an idea. University of California Press, Berkeley.
Brachet J. 1947. Nucleic acids in the cell and embryo. Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol. 1: 207–224.
Bradshaw H.D., Otto K.G., Frewen B.E., McKay J.K., and Schemske D.W. 1998. Quantitative trait loci affecting differences in floral morphology between two species of monkeyflower (Mimulus). Genetics 149: 367–382.
Bradshaw H.D., Wilbert S.M., Otto K.G., and Schemske D.W. 1995. Genetic mapping of floral traits associated with reproductive isolation in monkeyflowers (Mimulus). Nature 376: 762–765.
Briggs D.E.G. and Crowther P.R., eds. 2001. Palaeobiology II. Blackwell Science, Oxford.
Briggs D.E.G. and Fortey R.A. 2005. Wonderful strife: Systematics, stem groups, and the phylogenetic signal of the Cambrian radiation. Paleobiology (suppl. to no. 2) 31: 94–112.
Briggs D.E.G., Erwin D.H., and Collier F.J. 1994. Fossils of the Burgess Shale. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington.
Briggs D.E.G., Plint A.G., and Pickerill R.K. 1984. Arthropleura trails from the Westphalian of eastern Canada. Palaeontology 27: 843–855.
Brisson D. 2003. The directed mutation controversy in an evolutionary context. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 29: 25–35.
Bro-Jørgensen J., Johnstone R.A., and Evans M.R. 2007. Uninformative exaggeration of male sexual ornaments in barn swallows. Curr. Biol. 17: 850–855. [Epub 2007 Apr 5; Comment in Curr. Biol. 2007 May 15; 17: R368–R370.]
Brodie E.D., Moore A.J., and Janzen F.J. 1995. Visualizing and quantifying natural selection. Trends Ecol. Evol. 10: 313–319.
Brookfield J.F.Y. 1998. Quorum sensing and group selection. Evolution 52: 1263–1269.
Browne E.J. 1995. Charles Darwin: Voyaging, Volume 1 of a Biography. Jonathan Cape, London.
Browne E.J. 1996, 2002 (2 volumes). Charles Darwin: A biography. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
Browne E.J. 2002. Charles Darwin: The power of place. Jonathan Cape, London.
Bubb K.L., Bovee D., Buckley D., Haugen E., Kibukawa M., et al. 2006. Scan of human genome reveals no new loci under ancient balancing selection. Genetics 173: 2165–2177.
Buckland W. 1824. Notice on the Megalosaurus or great fossil lizard of Stonesfield. Trans. Geolog. Soc. A (Series 2), 1: 390–396.
Buerkle C.A. and Rieseberg L.H. 2001. Low intraspecific variation for genomic isolation between hybridizing sunflower species. Evolution 55: 684–691.
Buller D.J. 2005 Adapting minds. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Bulmer M.G. 1985. The mathematical theory of quantitative genetics. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Bumpus H.C. 1899. The elimination of the unfit as illustrated by the introduced sparrow, Passer domesticus. Biol. Lectures, Marine Biol. Lab, Woods Hole: 209–226.
Burger R. 1999. Evolution of genetic variability and the advantage of sex and recombination in changing environments. Genetics 153: 1055–1069.
Burger R. 2000. The mathematical theory of selection, recombination and mutation. Wiley, Chichester.
Buri P. 1956. Gene frequency in small populations of mutant Drosophila. Evolution 10: 367–402.
Burt A. 1995. The evolution of fitness. Evolution 49: 1–8.
Burt A. and Trivers R. 1998. Selfish DNA and breeding system in flowering plants. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 265: 141–146.
Bush G.L., Case S.M., Wilson A.C., and Patton J.L. 1977. Rapid speciation and chromosomal evolution in mammals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 74: 3942–3946.
Butlin R. and Tregenza T. 2005. The way the world might be. J. Evol. Biol. 18: 1205–1208.
Butlin R.K., Ritchie M.G., and Hewitt G.M. 1991. Comparisons among morphological characters and between localities in the Chorthippus paralellus hybrid zone (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Philos. Trans. R Soc. Lond. B 334: 297–308.
Butlin R.K., Woodhatch C.W., and Hewitt G.M. 1987. Male spermatophore investment increases female fecundity in a grasshopper. Evolution 41: 221–224.
Butterfield N.J., Balthasar U., and Wilson L.A. 2007. Fossil diagenesis in the Burgess Shale. Palaeontology 50: 537–543.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Caballero A., Keightley P.D., and Hill W.G. 1995. Accumulation of mutations affecting body weight in inbred mouse lines. Genet. Res. 65: 145–150.
Cann R.L., Stoneking M., and Wilson A.C. 1987. Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution. Nature 325: 31–35.
Cargill M., Altshuler D., Ireland J., Sklar P., Ardlie K., et al. 1999. Characterization of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in coding regions of human genes. Nat. Genet. 22: 231–238.
Carlson E.A. 2004. Mendel’s legacy: The origin of classical genetics. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.
Carroll S.P. and Boyd C. 1992. Host race radiation in the soapberry bug: Natural history with history. Evolution 46: 1052–1069.
Carson H.L. 1987. Tracing ancestry with chromosomal sequences. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2: 203–207.
Carson H.L. and Kaneshiro K.Y. 1976. Drosophila of Hawaii: Systematics and ecological genetics. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 7: 311–346.
Carson H.L. and Templeton A.R. 1984. Genetic revolutions in relation to speciation phenomena: The founding of new populations. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 15: 97–131.
Catchpole E.A., Morgan B.J.T., Coulson T.N., Freeman S.N., and Albon S.D. 2000. Factors influencing Soay sheep survival. J.R. Stat. Soc. Ser. C Appl. Stat. 49: 453–472.
Cavalier-Smith T. 1982. Skeletal DNA and the evolution of genome size. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Bioeng. 11: 273–302.
Cech T.R. 1989. Self-splicing and enzymatic activity of an intervening sequence RNA from Tetrahymena. Nobel lecture December 8. In Nobel lectures in chemistry, 1981–1990 (ed. Malmström B.G. et al.), pp. 651–676. World Scientific Publishing Co., Singapore, 1993.
Chambers G.K. 1988. The Drosophila alcohol dehydrogenase gene-enzyme system. Adv. Genet. 25: 39–107.
Chambers N. 2000. The letters of Sir Joseph Banks. Imperial College Press, London.
Chambers R. 1844 (reprinted 1994). Vestiges of the natural history of Creation (1st edition; reprinted in James Secord, ed, Chicago). University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Chang J.T. 1999. Recent common ancestors of all present-day individuals. Adv. Appl. Probab. 31: 1002–1026.
Charlesworth B. 1980. Evolution in age-structured populations. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Charlesworth B. 2000. Fisher, Medawar, Hamilton and the evolution of aging. Genetics 156: 927–931.
Charlesworth B., Charlesworth D., and Barton N.H. 2003. The effects of genetic and geographic structure on neutral variation. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 34: 99–125.
Charlesworth B., Coyne J.A., and Barton N.H. 1987. The relative rates of evolution of sex chromosomes and autosomes. Am. Nat. 129: 113–146.
Charlesworth B., Lande R., and Slatkin M. 1982. A neo-Darwinian commentary on macroevolution. Evolution 36: 474–498.
Charlesworth B., Langley C.H., and Sniegowski P.D. 1997. Transposable element distributions in Drosophila. Genetics 147: 1993–1995.
Charlesworth B., Morgan M.T., and Charlesworth D. 1993. The effect of deleterious mutations on neutral molecular variation. Genetics 134: 1289–1303.
Charlesworth D. 2002. Self-incompatibility: How to stay incompatible. Curr. Biol. 12: R424–R426.
Charlesworth D. 2002. What maintains male-sterility factors in plant populations? Heredity 89: 408–409.
Charlesworth D. and Charlesworth B. 1995. Quantitative genetics in plants: The effect of the breeding system on genetic variability. Evolution 49: 911–920.
Charlesworth J. and Eyre Walker A. 2007. The other side of the nearly neutral theory, evidence of slightly advantageous back-mutations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 104: 16992–16997.
Chen K. and Rajewsky N. 2006. Natural selection on human microRNA binding sites inferred from SNP data. Nat. Genet. 38: 1452–1458.
Christiansen F.B. 1977. Population genetics of Zoarces viviparus. In Lecture notes in biomathematics: Measuring selecvtion in natural populations (ed. F.B. Christiansen and T.M. Fenchel), pp. 21–48. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Clack J.A. 2002. Gaining ground: The origin and evolution of tetrapods. Indiana University Press, Bloomington.
Clark A.G. 2002. Sperm competition and the maintenance of polymorphism. Heredity 88: 148–153.
Clark A.G. and Wang L. 1997. Epistasis in measured genotypes: Drosophila P-element insertions. Genetics 147: 157–164.
Clark A.G., Aguade M., Prout T., Harshman L.G., and Langley C.H. 1995. Variation in sperm displacement and its association with accessory gland protein loci in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 139: 189–201.
Clark A.G., Begun D.J., and Prout T. 1999. Female × male interactions in Drosophila sperm competition. Science 283: 217–220.
Clarke B.C. 1972. Density-dependent selection. Am. Nat. 106: 1–13.
Clayton G.A. and Robertson A. 1955. Mutation and quantitative variation. Am. Nat. 89: 151–158.
Clayton G.C., Morris J.A., and Robertson A. 1957. An experimental check on quantitative genetic theory. I. Short term responses to selection. J. Genet. 55: 131–151.
Clegg M.T., Kidwell J.F., Kidwell M.G., and Daniel N.J. 1976. Dynamics of correlated genetic systems. I. Selection in the region of the glued locus of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 83: 793–810.
Clutton-Brock T. 1988. Reproductive Success. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Clutton-Brock T. 2002. Breeding together: Kin selection and mutualism in cooperative vertebrates. Science 296: 69–72.
Clutton-Brock T.H., Gaynor D., Kansky R., Maccoll A.D.C., McIlrath G., et al. 1998. Costs of cooperative behaviour in suricates (Suricata suricatta). Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 265: 185–190.
Coates M.I. 2001. Origin of tetrapods. In Palaeobiology II (ed. D.E.G. Briggs and P.R. Crowther), pp. 74–79. Blackwell Science, Oxford.
Cockburn A. 1998. Evolution of helping behaviour in cooperatively breeding birds. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 29: 141–177.
Cohan F.M. 2002. What are bacterial species? Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 56: 457–487.
Coltman D.W., Pilkington J.G., Smith J.A., and Pemberton J.M. 1999. Parasite-mediated selection against inbred Soay sheep in a free-living, island population. Evolution 53: 1259–1267.
Condra J.H., Holder D.J., Schleif W.A., Blahy O.M., Danovich R.M., Gabryelski L.J., Graham D.J., Laird D., Quintero J.C., Rhodes A., Robbins H.L., Roth E., Shivaprakash M., Yang T., Chodakewitz J.A., Deutsch P.J., Leavitt R.Y., Massari F.E., Mellors J.W., Squires K.E., Steigbigel R.T., Teppler H., and Emini E.A. 1996. Genetic correlates of in vivo viral resistance to indinavir, a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitor. J. Virol. 70: 8270–8276.
Cook J.M. and Rasplus J.Y. 2003. Mutualists with attitude: Coevolving fig wasps and figs. Trends Ecol. Evol. 18: 241–248.
Coop G., Wen X., Ober C., Pritchard J.K., and Przeworski M. 2008. High-resolution mapping of crossovers reveals extensive variation in fine-scale recombination patterns among humans. Science 10.1126/science.1151851.
Cooper V.S. and Lenski R.E. 2000. The population genetics of ecological specialization in evolving Escherichia coli populations. Nature 407: 736–739.
Cooper V.S., Schneider D., Blot M., and Lenski R.E. 2001. Mechanisms causing rapid and parallel losses of ribose catabolism in evolving populations of Escherichia coli B. J. Bacteriol. 183: 2834–2841.
Coyne J. 1982. Gel electrophoresis and cryptic protein variation. Curr. Top. Biol. Med. Res. 6: 1–32.
Coyne J.A. 1974. The evolutionary origin of hybrid inviability. Evolution 28: 505–506.
Coyne J.A. 1985. The genetic basis of Haldane’s Rule. Nature 314: 736–738.
Coyne J.A. 1998. Not black and white. Nature 396: 35–36.
Coyne J.A. and Orr H.A. 1997. Patterns of speciation in Drosophila revisited. Evolution 51: 295–303.
Coyne J.A. and Orr H.A. 2004. Speciation. Sinauer Press, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
Coyne J.A., Barton N.H., and Turelli M. 1997. A critique of Wright’s shifting balance theory of evolution. Evolution 51: 643–671.
Coyne J.A., Barton N.H., and Turelli M. 2000. Is Wright’s shifting balance process important in evolution? Evolution 54: 306–317.
Coyne J.A., Boussy I.A., Prout T., Bryant S.H., Jones J.S. et al. 1982. Long-distance migration of Drosophila. Am. Nat. 119: 589–595.
Craddock E.M. 2000. Speciation processes in the adaptive radiation of Hawaiian plants and animals. Evol. Biol. 31: 1–53.
Crameri A., Whitehorn, E.A., Tate E., and Stemmer W.P.C. 1996. Improved green fluorescent protein by molecular evolution using DNA shuffling. Nat. Biotechnol. 14: 315–319.
Crick F.H.C. 1958. On protein synthesis. Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol. 12: 138–163.
Crick F.H.C. 1966. The genetic code: Yesterday, today, and tomorrow. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 31: 3–9.
Crick F.H.C. 1970. Central dogma of molecular biology. Nature 227: 561–563.
Crick F.H.C. 1988. What mad pursuit. Basic Books, New York.
Crick F.H.C., Barnett L., Brenner S., and Watts-Tobin L.J. 1961. General nature of the genetic code for proteins. Nature 192: 1227–1232.
Crick F.H.C., Griffith J.S., and Orgel L.E. 1957. Codes without commas. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 43: 416–421.
Crnokrak P. and Barrett S.C. 2002. Purging the genetic load: A review of the experimental evidence. Evolution 56: 2347–2358.
Crnokrak P. and Roff D.A. 1995. Dominance variance—Associations with selection and fitness. Heredity 75: 530–540.
Cronin H. 1991. The ant and the peacock: Altruism and sexual selection from Darwin to today. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Crow J.F. 1993. Mutation, mean fitness and genetic load. Oxf. Surv. Evol. Biol. 9: 3–42.
Crow J.F. 1997. The high spontaneous mutation rate: Is it a health risk? Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 94: 8380–8386.
Crow J.F. 2000. Thomas H. Jukes. Genetics 154: 955–956.
Crow J.F. 2000. The origins, patterns and implications of human spontaneous mutation. Nat. Rev. Genet. 1: 40–47.
Crow J.F. and Abrahamson S. 1997. Seventy years ago: Mutation becomes experimental—H. J. Muller. Genetics 147: 1491–1496.
Crow J.F. and Kimura M. 1965. Evolution in sexual and asexual populations. Am. Nat. 99: 439–450.
Crow J.F. and Kimura M. 1969. Evolution in sexual and asexual populations: A reply. Am. Nat. 103: 89–91.
Crow J.F. and Kimura M. 1970. An introduction to population genetics theory. Harper & Row, New York.
Crozier R.H. 1987. Genetic aspects of kin recognition: Concepts, models, and synthesis. In Kin recognition in animals (ed. D.J.C. Fletcher and C.D. Michener), pp. 55–73. Wiley, New York.
Culleton R., Martinelli A., Hunt P., and Carter R. 2005. Linkage group selection: Rapid gene discovery in malaria parasites. Gen. Res. 15: 92–97.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Daday H. 1954. Gene frequencies in wild populations of Trifolium refens L. I. Distribution by latitude. Heredity 8: 61–78.
Daeschler E.B., Shubin N.H., and Jenkins F.A., Jr. 2006. A Devonian tetrapod-like fish and the evolution of the tetrapod body plan. Nature 440: 757–763.
Danforth G.H. 1921. The frequency of mutation and the incidence of hereditary traits in man. In Eugenics, genetics and the family, vol. I., pp. 120–128. Scientific papers of the Second International Congress of Eugenics held at the American Museum of Natural History, New York, September 22–28, 1921 (Charles B. Davenport, Chairman, H.H. Laughlin, Secretary, committee on publication). Williams and Wilkins Company, Baltimore, 1923.
Danley P.D. and Kocher T.D. 2001. Speciation in rapidly diverging systems: Lessons from Lake Malawi. Mol. Ecol. 10: 1075–1086.
Darwin C. 1839. Journal of researches into the geology and natural history of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle, under the command of Captain FitzRoy, R.N., from 1832 to 1836. Henry Colburn, London.
Darwin C. 1859. On the origin of species by means of natural selection. John Murray, London.
Darwin C. 1871. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. John Murray, London.
Darwin C. and Wallace A.R. 1858. On the tendency of species to form varieties; and on the perpetuation of varieties and species by natural means of selection. Proc. Linn. Soc. (Zool.) 3: 45–62.
Darwin C.R. 1882. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex, 2nd ed. John Murray, London.
Davison A. and Clarke B. 2000. History or current selection? A molecular analysis of “area effects” in the land snail Cepaea nemoralis. Proc. Biol. Sci. 267: 1399–1405.
Dawkins R. 1982. The extended phenotype. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Dawkins R. 1986. The blind watchmaker. Longman, London.
Dawkins R. 1997. Climbing mount improbable. Penguin Science. London.
Dawkins R. 1997. Human chauvinism. Evolution 51: 1015–1020.
Dawkins R. 2007. “The Edge of Evolution” by Michael J. Behe: Inferior design. New York Times Sunday Book Review, July 1, 2007.
de la Casa-Esperón E. and Sapienza C. 2003. Natural selection and the evolution of genome imprinting. Annu. Rev. Genet. 37: 349–370.
de Muizon C. 2001. Walking with whales. Nature 413: 259–260.
Dean A.M. 1989. Selection and neutrality in lactose operons of Escherichia coli. Genetics 123: 441–454.
Dean A.M. 1995. A molecular investigation of genotype by environment interaction. Genetics 139: 19–33.
Depew D.J. and Weber B.H. 1995. Darwinism evolving. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Derrida B., Manrubia S.C., and Zanette D.H. 1999. Statistical properties of genealogical trees. Phys. Rev. Lett. 82: 1987–1990.
DeSalle R. and Grimaldi D.A. 1991. Morphological and molecular systematics of the Drosophilidae. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 22: 447–476.
Desmond A. and Moore J.R. 1991. Darwin (2 volumes). Michael Joseph, London; Viking Penguin, New York.
Desmond A. and Moore J.R. 1992. Darwin. Michael Joseph, London.
Diamond J. 1998. Guns, germs and steel. Vintage, New York.
Dice L.R. and Blossom P.M. 1937. Studies of mammalian ecology in southwestern North America, with special attention to the colors of desert mammals. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 485: 1–129.
Dieckmann U. and Doebeli M. 1999. On the origin of species by sympatric speciation. Nature 400: 354–357.
Dietrich M.R. 1994. The origins of the neutral theory of molecular evolution. J. Hist. Biol. 27: 21–59.
Diggle S.P., Griffin A.S., Campbell G.S., and West S.A. 2007. Cooperation and conflict in quorum sensing bacterial populations. Nature 450: 411–415.
Dobzhansky T. 1936. Studies on hybrid sterility. II. Localization of sterility factors in Drosophila pseudoobscura hybrids. Genetics 21: 113–135.
Dobzhansky T. 1937. Genetics and the origin of species. Columbia University Press, New York. (Reissue edition: October 15, 1982; ISBN 0231054750—ppbk/.)
Dobzhansky T. 1940. Speciation as a stage in evolutionary divergence. Am. Nat. 74: 312–321.
Dobzhansky T. and Wright S. 1943. Genetics of natural populations. X. Dispersion rates in Drosophila pseudoobscura. Genetics 28: 304–340.
Dobzhansky T. and Wright S. 1947. Genetics of natural populations. XV. Rate of diffusion of a mutant gene through a population of Drosophila pseudoobscura. Genetics 32: 303–324.
Doebley J. 2001. George Beadle’s other hypothesis: One-gene, one-trait. Genetics 158: 487–493.
Doebley J. and Stec A. 1991. Genetic analysis of the morphological differences between maize and teosinte. Genetics 129: 285–295.
Doebley J. and Stec A. 1993. Inheritance of the morphological differences between maize and teosinte: Comparison of results for two F2 populations. Genetics 134: 559–570.
Doebley J., Stec A., and Gustus C. 1995. teosinte branched1 and the origin of maize: Evidence for epistasis and the evolution of dominance. Genetics 141: 333–346.
Donnelly P. and Tavaré S. 1995. Coalescents and genealogical structure under neutrality. Annu. Rev. Genet. 29: 401–421.
Donoghue M.J., Doyle J., Gauthier K.J., Kluge A., and Rowe T. 1989. The importance of fossils in phylogeny reconstruction. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 20: 431–460.
Donoghue P.C.J. and Dong X. 2005. Embryos and ancestors. In Evolving form and function: Fossils and development. Proceedings of a symposium honoring Adolf Seilacher for his contributions to paleontology, in celebration of his 80th birthday, (ed D.E.G. Briggs), pp. 81–99. Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, New Haven, Connecticut.
Donoghue P.C.J., Kouchinsky A., Waloszek D., Bengtson S., Dong X.-P., Val’kov A.K., Cunningham J.A., and Repetski J.E. 2006. Fossized embryos are widespread but the record is temporally and taxonomically biased. Evol. Dev. 8: 232–238.
Doudna J.A. and Cech T.R. 2002. The chemical repertoire of natural ribozymes. Nature 418: 222–228.
Dowling T.E., Martasian D.P., and Jeffery W.R. 2002. Evidence for multiple genetic forms with similar eyeless phenotypes in the blind cavefish, Astyanax mexicanus. Mol. Biol. Evol. 19: 446–455.
Drummond D. 1966. Rats resistant to warfarin. New Sci. 30: 771–772.
Dudley J. and Lambert R.J. 2004. 100 generations of selection for oil and protein in corn. Plant Breed. Rev. 24: 79–110.
Dugatkin L.A. 2007. Inclusive fitness theory from Darwin to Hamilton. Genetics 176: 1375–1380.
Duret L. 2002. Evolution of synonymous codon usage in metazoans. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 12: 640–649.
Düsing C. 1884. Die Regulierung des Geschlechtsverhanisses. J. Natwiss. 17: 593–940.
Dybdahl M.F. and Lively C.M. 1998. Host–parasite coevolution: Evidence for rare advantage and time-lagged selection in a natural population. Evolution 52: 1057–1066.
Dykhuizen D.E. 1990. Experimental studies of natural selection in bacteria. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 21: 373–398.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Eberhard W.G. 1986. Sexual selection and animal genitalia. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Edmonds C., Lillie A.S., and Cavalli-Sforza L.L. 2004. Mutations arising in the wave front of an expanding population. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 101: 975–979.
Edwards A.W.F. 1998. Natural selection and the sex ratio: Fisher’s sources. Am. Nat. 151: 564–569.
Edwards A.W.F. 2000. The genetical theory of natural selection. Genetics 154: 1419–1426.
Edwards A.W.F. 2000. Carl Düsing (1884) on the regulation of the sex-ratio. Theoret. Popul. Biol. 58: 255–257.
Edwards J.S. and Palsson B.O. 2000. The Escherichia coli MG1655 in silico metabolic genotype: Its definition, characteristics, and capabilities. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 97: 5528–5533.
Eichler E.E. and Sankoff D. 2003. Structural dynamics of eukaryotic chromosome evolution. Science 301: 793–797.
Eickbush T.H. and Furano A.V. 2002. Fruit flies and humans respond differently to retrotransposons. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 12: 669–674.
Eigen M. 1992. Steps towards life. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Eigen M., Gardiner W., Schuster P., and Winkler R. 1981. The origin of genetic information. Sci. Am. 244: 88–118.
Eldredge N. 2005. Darwin: Discovering the tree of life. W.W. Norton, New York.
Eldredge N. and Gould S.J. 1972. Punctuated equilibria: An alternative to phyletic gradualism. In Models in paleobiology (ed. T.J.M. Schopf), pp. 82–115. Freeman, Cooper & Co., San Francisco, California. (Reprinted 1985 in Eldredge N. Time frames. Princeton University Press.)
Endler J.A. 1977. Geographic variation, speciation, and clines. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
Endler J.A. 1982. Problems in distinguishing historical from ecological factors in biogeography. Am. Zool. 22: 441–452.
Endler J.A. 1986. Natural selection in the wild. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
Engel M.S. and Grimaldi D.A. 2004. New light shed on the oldest insect. Nature 427: 627–630.
Engels W.R. 1996. P elements in Drosophila. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 204: 104–123.
Engels W.R. 1997. Invasions of P elements. Genetics 145: 11–15.
Ennos R.A. 1982. Association of the cyanogenic loci in white clover. Genet. Res. 40: 65–72.
Erwin D.H. 2006. Extinction: How life on earth nearly ended 250 million years ago. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
Ewens W.J. 1972. The sampling theory of selectively neutral alleles. Theor. Popul. Biol. 3: 87–112.
Ewens W.J. 1989. An interpretation and proof of the Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection. Theor. Popul. Biol. 36: 167–180.
Ewens W.J. 1992. An optimizing principle of natural selection in evolutionary population genetics. Theor. Popul. Biol. 42: 333–346.
Ewens W.J. 1995. Addendum to “The fundamental theorem of natural selection in Ewens’ sense (case of many loci)” by Castilloux and Lessard. Theor. Popul. Biol. 48: 316–317.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Falconer D.S. 1985. A note on Fisher’s “average effect” and “average excess.” Genet. Res. 46: 337–348.
Falconer D.S. and Mackay T.F.C. 1995. Introduction to quantitative genetics. Longman, London.
Fay J., Wycoff G.J., and Wu C.I. 2001. Positive and negative selection on the human genome. Genetics 158: 1227–1234.
Fay J.C. and Wu C.I. 2000. Hitchhiking under positive Darwinian selection. Genetics 155: 1405–1413.
Feder J.L., Berlocher S.H., Roethele J.B., Dambroski H., Smith J.J., et al. 2003. Allopatric genetic origins for sympatric host-plant shifts and race formation in Rhagoletis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 100: 10314–10319.
Fedonkin M.A. and Waggoner B.M. 1997. The late Precambrian fossil Kimberella is a mollusc-like bilaterian. Nature 388: 868–871.
Feil E.J. and Spratt B.G. 2001. Recombination and the population structures of bacterial pathogens. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 55: 561–590.
Felsenstein J. Lecture Notes in Population Genetics. http://evolution.gs.washington.edu/index.html
Felsenstein J. 1975. A pain in the torus: Some difficulties with the model of isolation by distance. Am. Nat. 109: 359–368.
Felsenstein J. 1976. The theoretical population genetics of variable selection and migration. Annu. Rev. Genet. 10: 253–280.
Felsenstein J. 1981. Skepticism towards Santa Rosalia, or why are there so few kinds of animals? Evolution 35: 124–138.
Felsenstein J. 1992. Estimating effective population size from samples of sequences: Inefficiency of pairwise and segregating sites as compared to phylogenetic estimates. Genet. Res. 59: 139–147.
Felsenstein J. 2004. Inferring phylogenies. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
Ferry G. 2007. Max Perutz and the secret of life. Chatto and Windus, London.
ffrench-Constant R.H., Anthony N., Aronstein K., Rocheleau T., and Stilwell G. 2000. Cyclodiene insecticide resistance: From molecular to population genetics. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 45: 449–466.
Filchak K.E., Roethele J. B., and Feder J.L. 2000. Natural selection and sympatric divergence in the apple maggot Rhagoletis pomonella. Nature 407: 739–742.
Fisher R.A. 1915. The evolution of sexual preference. Eugen. Rev. 7: 184–192.
Fisher R.A. 1918. The correlation between relatives on the supposition of Mendelian inheritance. Proc. R Soc. Edinb. 52: 399–433.
Fisher R.A. 1930. The genetical theory of natural selection. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Fisher R.A. 1937. The wave of advance of advantageous genes. Ann. Eugenics 7: 355–369.
Fisher R.A. 1950. Gene frequencies in a cline determined by selection and diffusion. Biometrics 6: 353–361.
Fitzpatrick B.M. and Turelli M. 2006. The geography of mammalian speciation: Mixed signals from phylogenies and range maps. Evolution 60: 601–615.
Flint J., Valdar W., Shifman S., and Mott R. 2005. Strategies for mapping and cloning quantitative trait genes in rodents. Nat. Rev.Genet. 298: 2345–2349.
Fontaneto D., Herniou E.A., Boschetti C., Caprioli M., Melone G., Ricci C., and Barraclough T.G. 2007. Independently evolving species in asexual bdelloid rotifers. PLoS Biol. 5: 87–95.
Ford E.B. 1964. Ecological genetics. Methuen, London.
Fortey R.A. 1985. Gradualism and punctuated equilibria as competing and complementary theories. Special Papers in Palaeontology 33: 17–28.
Fortey R.A. 1988. Seeing is believing: Gradualism and punctuated equilibria in the fossil record. Sci. Prog. 72: 1–19.
Foster J.A. 2001. Evolutionary computation. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2: 428–436.
Foster P.L. 2004. Adaptive mutation in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 186: 4846–4852.
Fowler K., Semple C., Barton N.H., and Partridge L. 1997. Genetic variation for total fitness in Drosophila melanogaster. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 264: 191–199.
Fox M.S. 1998. Some recollections and reflections on mutation rates. Genetics 148: 1415–1418.
Frank S.A. 1997. The Price equation, Fisher’s fundamental theorem, kin selection, and causal analysis. Evolution 51: 1712–1729.
Frank S.A. 1998. Foundations of social evolution. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
Frankham R., Briscoe D.A., and Nurthen R.K. 1978. Unequal crossing over at the rRNA locus as a source of quantitative genetic variation. Nature 272: 80–81.
Frankham R., Briscoe D.A., and Nurthen R.K. 1980. Unequal crossing over at the rDNA tandon as a source of quantitative genetic variation in Drosophila. Genetics 95: 727–742.
Frary A. and Nesbitt T.C. 2000. fw2.2: A quantitative trait locus key to the evolution of tomato fruit size. Science 289: 85–88.
Frary A., Nesbitt T.C., Grandillo S., Knaap E., Cong B., Liu J., Meller J., Elber R., Alpert K.B., and Tanksley S.D. 2000. fw2.2: A quantitative trait locus key to the evolution of tomato fruit size. Science 289: 85–88.
Frost S.K., Dumaurier M.J., Wain-Hobson S., and Leigh Brown A.J. 2001. Genetic drift and within-host metapopulation dynamics of HIV-1 infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 98: 6975–6980.
Futuyma D.J. 1995. Science on trial: The case for evolution. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Gamow G. 1954. Possible relations between deoxyribonucleic acid and protein structures. Nature 173: 318.
Gao L.Z. and Zhang J.Z. 2003. Why are some human disease-associated mutations fixed in mice? Trends Genet. 19: 678–681.
Gardner M.J., Goldman N., Barnett P., Moore, P.W., Rangachari K., Strath M., Whyte A., Williamson D.H., and Wilson R.J. 1994. Phylogenetic analysis of the rpoB gene from the plastid-like DNA of Plasmodium falciparum. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 66: 221–231.
Gardner M.J., Williamson D.H., and Wilson R.J. 1991. A circular DNA in malaria parasites encodes an RNA polymerase like that of prokaryotes and chloroplasts. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 44: 115–123.
Gatesy J. and O’Leary M.A. 2001. Deciphering whale origins with molecules and fossils. Trends Ecol. Evol. 16: 562–571.
Gauthier J., Kluge A., and Rowe T. 1988. Amniote phylogeny and the importance of fossils. Cladistics 4: 105–209.
Gavrilets S. 2004. Fitness landscapes and the origin of species. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
Gevers D., Cohan F.M., Lawrence J.G., Spratt B.G., Coenye T., et al. 2005. Re-evaluating prokaryotic species. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 3: 733–739.
Giaever G., Chu A.M., Ni L., Connelly C., Riles L., et al. 2002. Functional profiling of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome. Nature 418: 387–391.
Gibson G. and Dworkin I. 2004. Uncovering cryptic genetic variation. Nat. Rev. Genet. 5: 681–690.
Gibson G. and Hogness D.S. 1996. Effect of polymorphism in the Drosophila regulatory gene Ultrabithorax on homeotic stability. Science 271: 200–203.
Gibson G. and Wagner G. 2000. Canalization in evolutionary genetics: A stabilizing theory? Bioessays 22: 372–380.
Giddings L.V., Kaneshiro K.Y., and Anderson W.W. 1989. Genetics, speciation and the founder principle. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Gillespie J.H. 1991. The causes of molecular evolution. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Gillespie J.H. 2000. Genetic drift in an infinite population: The pseudohitchhiking model. Genetics 155: 909–919.
Gillespie J.H. 2000. The neutral theory in an infinite population. Gene 261: 11–18.
Gillespie J.H. 2001. Is the population size of a species relevant to its evolution? Evolution 55: 2161–2169.
Gimble F.S. and Thorner J. 1992. Homing of a DNA endonuclease gene by meiotic gene conversion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nature 357: 301–305.
Gingerich P.D. 1983. Rates of evolution: Effect of time and temporal scaling. Science 222: 159–161.
Giribet G., Edgecombe G.D., and Wheeler W.C. 2001. Arthropod phylogeny based on eight molecular loci and morphology. Nature 413: 157–161.
Glazier A.M., Nadeau J.H., and Aitman T.J. 2002. Finding genes that underlie complex traits. Science 298: 2345–2349.
Godfray H.C.J., Partridge L., and Harvey P.H. 1991. Clutch size. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 22: 409–430.
Goldschmidt T. 1998. Darwin’s dreampond: Drama on Lake Victoria. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Goodman S.J., Barton N.H., Swanson G., Abernethy K., and Pemberton J.M. 1999. Introgression through rare hybridisation: A genetic study of a hybrid zone between red and sika deer (genus Cervus), in Argyll, Scotland. Genetics 152: 355–371.
Goudet J. and Keller L. 2002. The correlation between inbreeding and fitness: Does allele size matter? Trends Ecol. Evol. 17: 201–202.
Gould S.J. 1980. A quahog is a quahog. In The panda’s thumb: More reflections in natural history, 1st ed., pp. 204–213. W.W. Norton, New York.
Gould S.J. 1989. Wonderful life: The Burgess Shale and the nature of history. W.W. Norton, New York.
Gould S.J. 1991. The disparity of the Burgess Shale arthropod fauna and the limits of cladistic analysis: Why we must strive to quantify morphospace. Paleobiology 17: 411–423.
Gould S.J. 1997. Self-help for a hedgehog stuck on a mole-hill. Evolution 51: 1020–1023.
Gould S.J. 2001. Rocks of ages. Jonathan Cape, London.
Gould S.J. 2002. The structure of evolutionary theory. Belknap Press, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London.
Gould S.J. and Eldredge N. 1977. Punctuated equilibria: The tempo and mode of evolution reconsidered. Paleobiology 3: 115–151.
Gould S.J. and Lewontin R. 1979. The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 205: 581–595.
Gradstein F., Ogg J., and Smith A. 2004. A geologic time scale 2004. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Grafen A. 1979. Hawk-Dove game played between relatives. Anim. Behav. 27: 905–907.
Grafen A. 1982. How not to measure inclusive fitness. Nature 298: 425–426.
Grafen A. 1985. A geometric view of relatedness. Oxf. Surv. Evol. Biol. 2: 28–89.
Grafen A. 1990a. Sexual selection unhandicapped by the Fisher process. J. Theor. Biol. 144: 473–516.
Grafen A. 1990b. Biological signals as handicaps. J. Theor. Biol. 144: 517–546.
Grant P.R. 1986. The evolution and ecology of Darwin’s finches. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
Greaves J.H. and Ayres P.B. 1982. Multiple allelism at the locus controlling warfarin resistance in the Norway rat. Genet. Res. 40: 59–64.
Greaves J.H., Redfern R., Ayres P.B., and Gill J.E. 1977. Warfarin resistance: A balanced polymorphism in the Norway rat. Genet. Res. 30: 257–263.
Greene E. 1989. A diet-induced developmental polymorphism in a caterpillar. Science 243: 643–646.
Gregory T.R. 2001. Coincidence, coevolution, or causation? DNA content, cell size, and the C-value enigma. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. 76: 65–102.
Gregory T.R. 2008. Animal genome size database. http://www.genomesize.com/
Greilhuber J. 1998. Intraspecific variation in genome size: A critical reassesment. Ann. Bot. (Lond.) 82: 27–35.
Griffin A.S. and West S.A. 2002. Kin selection: Fact and fiction. Trends Ecol. Evol. 17: 15–21.
Griffin A.S. and West S.A. 2003. Kin discrimination and the benefit of helping in cooperatively breeding vertebrates. Science 302: 634–636.
Griffith S.C., Owens I.P.F., and Thuman K.A. 2002. Extra pair paternity in birds: A review of interspecific variation and adaptive function. Mol. Ecol. 11: 2195–2212.
Grimaldi D. and Engel M.S. 2005. Evolution of the insects. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Gross L. 2007. Are “ultraconserved” genetic elements really indispensable? PLoS Biol. 5: e253.
Grotzinger J.P., Watters W.A., and Knoll A.H. 2000. Calcified metazoans in thrombolite-stromatolite reefs of the terminal Proterozoic Nama Group, Namibia. Paleobiology 26: 334–359.
Guarente L. 2001. SIR2 and aging—The exception that proves the rule. Trends Genet. 17: 391–393.
Guarente L. 2002. Ageless quest: One scientist’s search for genes that prolong youth. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.
Gupta S. and Maiden M.C.J. 2001. Exploring the evolution of diversity in pathogen populations. Trends Microbiol. 9: 181–185.
Gutell R.R., Larsen N., and Woese C.R. 1994. Lessons from an evolving rRNA: 16S and 23S rRNA structures from a comparative perspective. Microbiol. Rev. 58: 10–26.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Haag-Liautard C., Dorris M., Maside X., Macaskill S., Halligan D.L., Charlesworth B., and Keightley P.D. 2007. Direct estimation of per nucleotide and genomic deleterious mutation rates in Drosophila. Nature 445: 82–85.
Habersetzer J., Richter G., and Storch G. 1992. Bats: Already highly specialized insect predators. In Messel—An insight into the history of life and of the earth (ed. S. Schaal and W. Ziegler), pp. 181–191, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Hacking I. 1975. The emergence of probability. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Hagen D.W. and Moodie G.E.E. 1979. Polymorphism for breeding colors in Gasterosteus aculeatus. I. Their genetics and geographic distribution. Evolution 33: 641–648.
Hagen D.W., Moodie G.E.E., and Moodie P.F. 1980. Polymorphism for breeding colours in Gasterosteus aculeatus. II. Reproductive success as a result of convergence for threat display. Evolution 34: 105–1059.
Hahn M.W. 2008. Towards a selection theory of molecular evolution. Evolution 62: 255–265.
Haldane J.B.S. 1922. Sex ratio and unisexual sterility in hybrid animals. J. Genet. 12: 101–109.
Haldane J.B.S. 1932. The causes of evolution. Longmans, New York.
Haldane J.B.S. 1935. The rate of spontaneous mutation of a human gene. J. Genet. 31: 317–326.
Haldane J.B.S. 1937. The effect of variation on fitness. Am. Nat. 71: 337–349.
Haldane J.B.S. 1941. New paths in genetics. Allen & Unwin, London.
Haldane J.B.S. 1948. The theory of a cline. J. Genet. 48: 277–284.
Haldane J.B.S. 1949. Disease and evolution. Ricerca Scient. Suppl. 19: 68–76.
Haldane J.B.S. 1955. Population genetics. New Biol. 18: 34–51.
Haldane J.B.S. 1957. The cost of natural selection. J. Genet. 55: 511–524.
Haldane J.B.S. 1964. A defense of beanbag genetics. Perspect. Biol. Med. 7: 343–359.
Haldane J.B.S. and Jayakar S.D. 1963. Polymorphism due to selection of varying direction. J. Genet. 58: 237–242.
Hallatschek O., Hersen P., Ramanathan S., and Nelson D.R. 2007. Genetic drift at expanding frontiers promotes gene segregation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 104: 19926–19930.
Halushka M.K., Fan J.B., Bentley K., Hsie L., Shen N., Weder A., Cooper R., Lipshutz R., and Chakravarti A. 1999. Patterns of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in candidate genes for blood-pressure homeostasis. Nat. Genet. 22: 239–247.
Hamblin M.T. and Di Rienzo A. 2000. Detection of the signature of natural selection in humans: Evidence from the Duffy blood group locus. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 66: 1669–1679.
Hamblin M.T., Thompson E.E., and Di Rienzo A. 2002. Complex signatures of natural selection at the Duffy blood group locus. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 70: 369–383.
Hamilton W.D. 1963. The evolution of altruistic behaviour. Am. Nat. 97: 354–356.
Hamilton W.D. 1964a. The genetical evolution of social behaviour I. J. Theor. Biol. 7: 1–16.
Hamilton W.D. 1964b. |